Question 1: Answer the following questions based on this equation: a) Suppose Y is annual sales, and X is customers, which is the independent variable and dependent variable? b) A professor wants to know how well studying predicts test scores. What is the dependent and independent variable?

a) Sales and Customers: In the equation (which is not provided, but the concept applies), if: Y is annual sales: This represents the outcome or effect we're interested in measuring. It's likely influenced by other factors. X is customers: This represents a factor that might influence sales. We might manipulate it to see its effect on sales. Therefore, in this case: Independent variable: Customers (X) - This is the variable we can potentially control or change to see its effect on sales. Dependent variable: Annual Sales (Y) - This is the variable that depends on or is influenced by the independent variable (customers). b) Studying and Test Scores: In the professor's scenario: Independent variable: Studying - This is the factor the professor wants to see if it affects test scores. The professor might control the amount of studying assigned or create different study groups. Dependent variable: Test Scores - This is the outcome the professor wants to measure. It's likely influenced by studying but also by other factors like student abilities.